The moderating role of technology anxiety on brand service quality, brand image and their relation to brand loyalty

Assalamu'alaikum and good day. How are you? Today I have got a chance to write a post on my blog. So, I decided to upload my latest article which has been published under Scopus-indexed journal. I'm so surprised when one of the editors from IJIMA emailed me regarding my publication. I"ve got it! Yatta! It's a Scopus-indexed journal! All bless goes to Allah Azza Wa Jalla. ^_^

In the published article, I measured how technology anxiety moderates the relationship between brand service quality and brand image on brand loyalty. I used the SmartPLS software to calculate the relationship between exogenous (independent) variables and endogenous (dependent) variable. There are two steps in measuring the moderating variable in a relationship especially when using PLS in which I'll explain it in the next post.

Some people have asked me before: 'Why I measure technology anxiety in my study? Anxiety is not in the marketing field of study but it is from the psychology field of study. How can you managed to do a research on two different fields of study?' Hmm... Like I have said before, I really interested in psychology but I majored in Marketing during my bachelor degree. So I decided to combine it (marketing + psychology) together. Basically, I want to understand the customers' emotion and feeling before we can decide which strategy suit them better when we introduce and market our products. If we fail to understand our customers, automatically our strategies planned would fail since it does not solve the problems arise.

Okay, this is the abstract of the article published.

Abstract

The increasing importance of technology in our daily lives leads companies to integrate the latest technology into their products before bringing them to the market. Since technologically advanced cars have attracted a great deal of attention, marketers use this as a means of increasing customers' level of loyalty by assuaging concerns that create a level of anxiety about the system installed in their cars. This study investigates the direct effects of brand service quality and brand image on brand loyalty as moderated by technology anxiety. It analyses 206 samples in Malaysia. Since the moderator variables are rarely tested in the context of the Partial Least Square (PLS) model, the authors analysed the data using PLS by measuring the moderating effect of technology anxiety in brand loyalty relationships. The results illustrate that technology anxiety moderates the relationship between brand image and brand loyalty.

Introduction

In this fast-growing era of technology, energy efficient vehicles have attracted a great deal of attention with a rapidly increasing customer base in the automotive industry. People look forward to products that offer advanced technological systems which can improve the ways in which they do things (i.e. while driving). The rapid growth of technology systems in the automotive industry has forced automakers to embed advanced technological systems into their manufacturing of cars in order to gain competitive advantages. This could increase the anxiety level among the automotive consumers (i.e. drivers). In the context of this investigation, understanding customers’ feelings (i.e. anxiety) towards the technology installed in their cars is an important part of understanding their intention to repeat their purchase. Osswald et al. (2012) noted that there is a high level of anxiety in the public towards technologically advanced cars that manifests in poor customer behaviour. Several studies have criticised technology anxiety from the context of mobile usage, yet few have addressed such concerns in the automotive sector. As such, this study addresses this lacuna in the literature by examining technology anxiety from the context of automotive consumers.

Industrialised countries like North America, Europe, and Japan have slow population growth, which means that customer loss can be disastrous to companies. This is due to a smaller number of available new customers to replace those who leave (Blackwell et al., 2012). From the context of this study, a slow-growing population in a developing country like Malaysia has made it difficult for automotive companies to gain new customers (MIDA, 2012). Even though the population in Malaysia increased slightly by 4.1 million between 2001 to 2009, the average annual population growth rate in Malaysia decreased from 2.3% in 2001 to 1.8% in 2009 (Department of Statistics, 2014). Therefore, retaining existing customers is the preferred and most efficient means to increase market share and profitability.

Malaysia has been overlooked due to its political instability but its markets have started to gain more and more international attention. A highly competitive business environment has urged companies to establish close and long-term relationships with their customers. In Malaysia, enhancing and maintaining brand loyalty is not easily achieved as the services offered to customers are unsatisfactory and the delivery slow, irrespective of product quality (Es, 2012). Surprisingly, a survey of the automotive consumers found that less than a third of consumers love their car’s brand while others prefer to choose a different brand in their next purchase (Harris, 2016). To overcome this problem, marketers need to focus on brand service quality to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage and customer brand loyalty (Yarimoglu, 2014). Nevertheless, improving only the qualities of a service does not guarantee the loyalty of customers as other factors such as brand image also play an important role in purchase behaviour (Fianto et al., 2014). Companies nowadays are forced to create a strong brand image for their products due to being fundamental to making a profit. Significant funds are spent on marketing a strong brand image to capture the customers’ attention and loyalty. Thus, companies need to understand the determinants of brand loyalty among existing and potential customers.

This topic is a primary concern in building a brand, especially in fast-growing and emerging markets (Meyer, 2014). It is at least five times more cost efficient to retain existing customers compared to attracting new customers (Oladele and Akeke, 2012). Brand loyalty is, however, a much used and abused term. Although it is widely utilised, many scholars investigate different determinants of customer brand loyalty, resulting in a lack of consistency in their findings (Es, 2012; Thompson et al., 2010; Sugiati et al., 2013; Kassim et al., 2014). The frequent assumption is that a satisfied customer will repeat a purchase from the same supplier (Alex and Thomas, 2011; Chinomona and Sandada, 2013; Goel, 2014). However, many other factors could influence a customer’s repeat purchase. This investigation aims to bridge the research gap by examining key factors that influence brand loyalty among the automotive consumers, as well as the moderating role of technology anxiety in strengthening the relationship between brand service quality and brand image towards brand loyalty.

Marketing researchers have studied branding since the 1950s (Bastos and Levy, 2012). They have established that it is a crucial component for increasing sales (Li and Green, 2011). Historically, brand loyalty was explained only in terms of customer behaviour (i.e. repeat purchase) and since 1969, Day offered two dimensions to explain brand loyalty, namely attitudinal and behavioural aspects. However, the insufficient findings regarding the two dimensions of customer loyalty has led researchers to study brands and branding through a composite of attitudinal and behavioural aspects (Kaur and Soch, 2013; Tabaku and Kushi, 2013). Hence, the attitudinal and behavioural aspects and their composite are necessary to understand and measure the level of brand loyalty (Chuah et al., 2014).

In an increasingly innovative and aggressive business environment, firms compete fiercely to secure an advantage. One of the key success factors is how customers perceive the quality of service (Auka et al., 2013), as it determines their level of satisfaction (Ivanauskienė and Volungėnaitė, 2014). This is because a company’s profits and sales depend on the behaviour of customers (Rahman, 2014). Therefore, it is important for firms to not only improve the quality of their products to create an intention to purchase, but also to improve the quality of their services. In the past, little effort has been spent in maintaining a relationship with customers after they purchased goods in the retail business even though the brand service quality was found to encourage customers to perform repeat purchases and remain loyal to the brand (Auka et al., 2013). In evaluating the quality of the service provider, customers compare their expectations with what they received (Gilbert & Wong, 2003). However, offering high-quality service is not the only approach to increasing the level of brand loyalty among customers; anxiety towards the technology in cars also plays a vital role in influencing buyers’ brand loyalty.

In today’s business world, every company tries to catch their potential customers’ eye by displaying a strong brand image. Marketers need to focus on their customer’s feeling and emotion and how to increase their willingness to pay more. It is essential for marketers to concentrate on customers’ feelings as the customers would want to buy something that allows them to identify their identity, signal their status and manifest a sense of belonging (Marazza and Saviolo, 2012). If customers are only interested in design and price, luxury cars that offer intriguing high-tech features such as Mercedes, Lexus, Audi, BMW, etc. would record poor sales. Fortunately for those car manufacturers, millions of people feel happy and proud when driving Audi and BMW cars. The need to build a brand image that creates a relationship with their customers can be done via several communication strategies (Yilmaz & Enginkaya, 2015). This allows firms to maintain a long-term relationship with customers as a trusted brand and product (Thaichon et al., 2013) which will ultimately result in increased brand loyalty (Sivarajah and Sritharan, 2014).

This study aims to add to the scant body of knowledge by including technology anxiety as a variable to test the level of brand loyalty among automotive consumers. Similar to other industries, the use of electronic components in the automotive industry has rapidly increased as multiple aspects of driving a modern automobile is controlled by advanced technological electronics such as acceleration, braking, security, and navigation (Osswald et al., 2012). Furthermore, the automotive industry is highly competitive. Malaysian automotive marketers could benefit from the awareness of how relational variables influence the brand loyalty among customers. This study measured the levels of anxiety among automotive consumers towards the technological system installed in a car. This undertaking is motivated by Chen and Chen’s (2009) study of navigation systems whereby drivers reported facing problems managing two tasks simultaneously (i.e. following the route guidance system and driving), and that multitasking distracts drivers and creates anxiety (Rakotonirainy & Steinhardt, 2009). Meanwhile, a survey of customers who use the self-service technology revealed that customers consider the human interaction, convenience, speed of transaction, perceived accuracy, satisfaction, and trust when using the technology. The researchers, however, found stark contrasts in three areas, namely a customer’s need for employee interaction, the convenience of the self-service technology and desire for speed in the transaction (Kimes and Collier, 2015). This means that there is a high level of anxiety due to a poorly implemented self-service technology that frustrates customers. This reduces a brand’s trustworthiness and causes customers to be reluctant to repeat purchase.

Additionally, with the latest technology, auto manufacturers produce numerous fuel-efficient cars believed to be able to protect the environment. This initiative is partly in response to reports that transportation is responsible for about 20% of the global greenhouse gas emissions released into the air (Benthem and Reynaert, 2015). Consumers prefer to own a safer car which includes additional safety features such as airbags, antilock brake systems, and anti-theft alarm systems. More recently, researchers demonstrated the benefits of technology in the automotive industry, especially in providing safety in terms of information, safe environment and driving tasks assistance (Osswald et al., 2012). The message here is clear: the lower anxiety of technology increases trust in a brand, while high anxiety reduces trust in a brand. Once the customers place their trust in a brand, they intend to remain loyal to that brand. In relation to customer behaviour in technology-related industries, the relationship between the infrastructure of technology and customer intention is strengthened by technology anxiety (Yang and Forney, 2013). Hence, this investigation aims to measure the moderating role of technology anxiety on the relationship between brand service quality and brand image towards brand loyalty among automotive consumers.

Previous studies employed the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Car Technology Acceptance Model (CTAM) to measure the level of anxiety among users towards technology (Osswald et al., 2012; Gelbrich and Sattler, 2014). CTAM acts as the foundation of technology anxiety with an extension of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The theory of UTAUT was primarily developed to explain and predict users’ acceptance towards technology from the context of the organisation. Since the UTAUT model has only been used to measure anxiety in the context of computers (Yang and Forney, 2013) and not from the context of other technological system such as technology usage in car (Osswald et al., 2012), Venkatesh et al. (2012) introduced CTAM to improve the explanatory power of the model. Hence, to predict technology anxiety in the context of customers regarding the technology system installed in the cars, this investigation revisits the predicting factors postulated by CTAM by introducing brand service quality and brand image to measure and analyse the level of technology anxiety among drivers.

The conceptual framework, research methodology, results, discussion and conclusion of this research will appear HERE.

This is the end of this post. Till we meet again in the next post. Enjoy your life and take care!

Love,

Dr SAA

Investigating Critical Success Factors of Brand Loyalty: A Meta-Data Analysis Approach

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim (In the name of Allah, the beneficent the merciful)

Alhamdulillah for everything that happens to me, happy or sad. Let’s be ever grateful to Allah for everything that we possess, including our health, wealth, status, intellectual abilities and life. Maybe Allah didn’t give us everything we want, but He certainly gave us everything we need.

Today, I would like to share with you my second published paper about meta-data analysis of brand loyalty. In this paper, I’ve reviewed previous literature related to brand management and brand loyalty, specifically from the years 1998 to 2016.

Abstract:

Brand loyalty is a critical issue faced by organisations. It increases an organisation’s profits and market share. Overlooking brand loyalty among customers raises problems in retaining customers. Besides, retaining the existing customers is more cost efficient rather than gaining and attracting new customers. Thus, this paper explores the elements of brand management (i.e. product quality, brand service quality, brand value and brand image) that influence customer brand loyalty. Customers satisfied with the quality of a product and service and the value of the brand will remain loyal to the brand as it exceeds their expectations. The brand image also plays an important role in influencing customers to stay loyal. This paper conducts a meta-data analysis addressing this lacuna in the literature and helps researchers to understand the concepts and elements used to measure customer brand loyalty.

Introduction:

In the 21^st century, loyalty towards products and brands has declined, leaving marketers agitated. Marketers strive to differentiate their brand given the saturation of existing markets (Mise et al., 2013). Customers are prone to swing from one brand to another and/or to decide on the different brands equally thereby making it hard to establish loyalty to a brand. This creates a need to study the influence of several elements of brand management on brand loyalty. Brand loyalty is a customer preference when purchasing a specific brand in a product category (Giddens & Hofmann, 2010). Marketing academicians and practitioners accept that retaining the existing customers is more cost efficient as it costs five times more to attract new customers as compared to retaining the existing ones (Oladele & Akeke, 2012).

By establishing and maintaining high levels of brand loyalty among customers, companies can apply their best pricing and reduce their marketing and advertising cost on their products due to the willingness of their customers to not only pay for the brand even though the price is expensive but also to promote it to their families and friends (Upamannyu et al., 2014). Thus, the price is not the only factor that influences people to purchase goods as the perception of product quality, brand service quality, brand value and brand image are essential elements in retaining customers and establishing brand loyalty (Senel, 2011; Mise et al., 2013).

Although both marketing scholars and practitioners have long taken an interest on the subject of customer behaviour (i.e. brand loyalty), it still needs to be explored in detail (Thaichon et al., 2013). Several problems face scholars and marketers in studying and establishing brand loyalty. A highly competitive business environment has urged companies to take action in establishing a long-term and close relationships with their customers. According to Koller, Floh and Zauner (2011), companies are being forced to embed excellent value in their products and service as individuals can switch brands easily due to numerous product brands available in the market.

Improving the value of the product brand is not the only means to establish brand loyalty as companies also need to ensure that their customers are completely satisfied with the products offered (Rad et al., 2014). Brand image is also necessary for companies as it creates satisfaction among customers (Malik et al., 2012). When the satisfaction level of a brand is low, customers tend to leave and choose another brand.

Meta-data analysis for marketing literature is a summary of past research constructed and contains several brand dimensions and elements used by previous researchers that have an influence on customer brand loyalty. This meta-data analysis is an 18-year timeframe in which the articles were analysed from the years 1998 to 2016. This analysis suggests several variables require further study and analysis. These variables were retrieved from different published journal articles, conference proceedings, reports and working papers. The variables are summarised in the meta-data analysis presented in... [cont].

To read more, please click HERE

# Kindness makes you the most beautiful person in the world no matter what you look like

# Sometimes, you need to be alone. Not to be lonely, but to enjoy your free time being yourself.

Love,

Dr SAA

Does Fear of New Car Technologies Influence Brand Loyalty Relationship?

Assalamu'alaikum (^_^)

Hi guys. Today, I would love to share with you an article on brand loyalty. This is the first article that I've published when I'm pursuing my study in University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP). However, as you noticed, I'm still lacking in the writing skills. Yup. I believed this is part of the learning process. Since this is my first paper produced, I'm aware that there's still room for improvement. This research combined two different fields of study; customer relationship management and customer psychology.

Abstract:

The increasing importance of technology in our daily lives has led companies to implement the latest technology on their products before marketing them to their customers. In this era of technology, fuel-efficient vehicles have attracted a great deal attention with a rapidly increasing customer base in the automotive industry. Automobile companies use this as a means of increasing customers’ level of loyalty, due to the anxiety about the system installed in their cars. The purpose of this study is to investigate the indirect effects of brand service quality and brand value towards brand loyalty moderated by technology anxiety. Since moderator variables are rarely tested in the context of PLS model, this investigation will analyze the data by utilizing Partial Least Square (PLS) in measuring the moderating effect of technology anxiety in brand loyalty relationships. The results illustrate that technology anxiety, one of the factors of Car Technology Acceptance Model (CTAM), moderates the relationship between brand service quality, brand value, and brand loyalty.

Introduction:

Nowadays, technology is part of daily life. People look forward to products that offer advanced technological systems which can improve their way of doing things (i.e. during driving). The rapid growth of technology systems adopted in the automotive industry has forced automakers to embed high technology systems into their manufactured cars in order to gain competitive advantages which could increase anxiety level among the automotive consumers (i.e. driver). In the context of this investigation, customers’ feeling (i.e. anxiety) toward the technology installed in their car shall be an important point to understand the intention of the customers to repeat their purchase when purchasing a car. However, Osswald et al. (2012) noted that there is high anxiety level in the public towards technologically advanced cars, which is considered as poor customer behaviour.

Besides, as the population in industrialized countries like North America, Europe, and Japan grows slowly, customer loss can be disastrous to companies. This is due to a smaller number of available new customers to replace those who leave (Blackwell et al., 2012). In the context of this study, a slow growing population in a developing country like Malaysia, has caused automotive companies difficulties in gaining new customers (MIDA, 2012). Therefore, retaining their existing customers is the best way to increase their market share and profitability. In line with the above, Malaysia, a previously overlooked country due to its financial turmoil and political instability, started to gain more and more international attention. The previous Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamed pledged to gradually eliminate tariffs on finished vehicles as part of an agreement signed by Japan and Malaysia in order to gain economic benefits from the trade liberalization between the two countries (Ministry of Foreign Affairs [MOFA] of Japan, 2003).

Tight competition in the business environment has urged companies to take action in building close relationships with their customers and encourage a long-term relationship. Due to this phenomenon, establishing and maintaining brand loyalty is not be easily achieved by companies as the services offered to customers were unsatisfactory and the delivery slow, despite the product quality (Es, 2012). In addition, companies are being forced to embedded excellent value into their products and service as individuals today are able to switch brand easily due to the variety brands present in the market (Koller et al., 2011). Thus, companies need to understand the determinants of brand loyalty among existing and potential customers.

This topic is expected to become a priority in brand building, especially in fast-growing and emerging markets (Meyer, 2014). It is well accepted by scholars and practitioners in the marketing field that it is at least five times more cost efficient to retain the existing customers compared to attracting new customers (Oladele & Akeke, 2012). Brand loyalty is however, a much used and abused term. Although it is widely utilised, many scholars investigate different antecedents of brand loyalty, resulting in a lack of consistency in findings of the investigation (e.g. Thompson et al., 2010; Es, 2012; Sugiati et al., 2013; Kassim et al., 2014). The frequent assumption is that a satisfied customer is the reason for customer to repeat a purchase from the same supplier (Alex & Thomas, 2011; Chinomona & Sandada, 2013; Goel, 2014). However, many other factors could influence customers to repeat the purchase. Therefore, this investigation aims to bridge the research gap by exploring and examining key factors that influence brand loyalty, as well as the effect of technology anxiety on the relationship between brand service quality and brand value towards brand loyalty.

Literature Review:

Since 1950s, marketing researchers have conducted several research in the context of branding (Bastos & Levy, 2012) due to the importance of increasing sales (Li & Green, 2011). Historically, brand loyalty was explained only in terms of customer behavior (i.e. repeat purchase) and since 1969, Day launched a two dimensional concept which includes attitudinal and behavioural (Sivarajah & Sritharan, 2014). However, due to insufficient findings regarding the two dimensions of customer loyalty, researchers in the marketing field added another dimension known as composite (Kaur & Soch, 2013; Tabaku & Kushi, 2013). Therefore, the three dimensions (i.e. attitudinal, behavioral and composite) are necessary to understand and measure the level of brand loyalty (Chuah et al., 2014).

In an increasingly innovative and aggressive business environment, fierce competition exists between firms. One of the key factors of the success of firms is how the customers perceive the quality of service that is offered to them (Auka et al., 2013), as it determines their level of satisfaction (Ivanauskienė & Volungėnaitė, 2014). Therefore, it is important for firms to focus not only on improving the quality of their products to create an intention to purchase, but also to improve the quality of their services. In the past, little effort has been spent in maintaining a relationship with customers after they purchased goods in the retail business even though the brand service quality was found to encourage customers to do repeat purchase and remain loyal to the brand (Auka et al., 2013). Brand service quality is defined as the positive attitudes of customers towards a brand (Chinomona et al., 2013). Offering high quality service is not the only way to increase the level of brand loyalty among customers, as anxiety towards technological tools installed in cars also plays a vital role in influencing buyers’ brand loyalty.

In the business world of today, every company tries to grab the attention of their potential customers by embedding high value into their products. Brand value is an important element in gaining the competitive advantage (Sugiati et al., 2013). It could be defined as what customers think of the brand, including the gap between the price that the customers are willing to pay and the benefit gained from the products offered by the firms (Thaichon et al., 2013). Customers who view a product or service as having more value than their expectations will encourage them to do repeat purchase with the same company (Alex & Thomas, 2011; Goel, 2014) and it can be measured by examining whether this brand is offering a reasonable and fair price as well as giving a good value for the money spent in purchasing the product instead of the competitors (Auka et al., 2013). Focusing on brand value helps firms to maintain a longer relationship with customers as it builds trust towards the products’ brand (Hanzaee & Andervazh, 2012) that will finally lead to brand loyalty (Geçti & Zengin, 2013).

This study aims to add to this scant body of knowledge by including the variable technology anxiety when testing the level of brand loyalty among automotive consumers. Similar to other industries, the use of electronic components in the automotive industry has rapidly increased as multiple aspects of driving a modern automobile is controlled by advanced technological electronics such as acceleration, braking, security, and navigation (Osswald et al., 2012). Additionally, with the latest technology, auto manufacturers currently produce numerous fuel-efficient cars believed to be able to protect the environment, in response to reports that transportation is responsible for about 20 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions released into the air (Benthem & Reynaert, 2015). Furthermore, technology can be used as one of the preventive tools in providing greater safety and avoiding theft (Laguador et al., 2013). Therefore, consumers prefer to purchase a safer car which includes additional safety features such as airbags, antilock brake systems, and anti-theft alarm systems.

More recently, researchers demonstrated the benefits of technology in the automotive industry, especially in providing safety in terms of information, safety environment and driving tasks assistance (Osswald et al., 2012). The message here is clear: A lower anxiety of technology increases trust towards a brand, while high anxiety reduces trust towards the brand. Once the customers place their trust in a brand, they intend to remain loyal to the brand. In relation to customer behaviour in technology-related industries, it is recognized that the relationship between the infrastructure of technology and customer intention is moderated by technology anxiety (Yang & Forney, 2013). Therefore, technology anxiety is believed to play a role in strengthening brand loyalty relationships.

In previous studies, researchers employed Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Car Technology Acceptance Model (CTAM) in order to measure the level of anxiety among users towards technology (e.g. Osswald et al., 2012; Gelbrich & Sattler, 2014). CTAM is an extension of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The theory of UTAUT was primarily developed to explain and predict users’ acceptance towards technology from the context of the organization. Since the UTAUT model has only been used to measure anxiety in context of computers (Yang & Forney, 2013) and not from the context of other technological system such as technology usage in car (Osswald et al., 2012), CTAM has been introduced by Venkatesh et al. (2012) to further improve the explanatory power of the  model. Hence, to predict technology anxiety in the context of customers regarding the technology system installed in the cars, this investigation intends to revisit the predicting factors postulated by CTAM by introducing brand service quality and brand value to measure and analyze the technology anxiety among drivers.

Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis Development:

In line with the literature review and the purpose of this investigation, a proposed framework was constructed to investigate the indirect effect of brand service quality and brand value towards brand loyalty, with the moderating role of technology anxiety. The proposed model is depicted in... [cont.]

To read more, you can view it HERE

# Success has nothing to do with what you gain in life or accomplish for yourself. It's what you do for others. -Danny Thomas

Love,

Dr SAA